Development and application of techniques for the control of captive breeding in elasmobranchs

Resumen

Sharks and rays emerged 420 million years ago, forming the ancient and ecologically diverse group of aquatic vertebrates known as elasmobranchs. This diverse group possesses vital strategies that make them highly vulnerable to rapid environmental changes, such as those resulting from human activities. Despite being key elements in the regulation of the ecosystems they inhabit, they are currently one of the most threatened vertebrate groups on the planet. In parallel with in-situ conservation efforts, ex-situ conservation programs can be used to improve the status of some sensitive species. Among these programs, captive breeding plans would enhance the sustainability of public aquariums and research centers, as well as enable the development of conservation strategies in the wild. However, for these plans to be effective, they should include the use of assisted reproduction techniques. Unfortunately, these techniques have been scarcely developed in the past, and their utility has not been adequately demonstrated. This thesis addresses the use of reproduction techniques in elasmobranchs, with an emphasis on sperm retrieval and preservation. Initially, it focused on two model species, Scyliorhinus canicula and Raja radula, but later, other species were included. This revealed variability in reproductive structures, which can affect the effectiveness and quality of the techniques. Chapters 1 and 2 focused on cataloging and describing these structures in various species, highlighting best practices for gamete retrieval and insemination. The short, medium, and long-term conservation of sperm is essential for ex-situ plans, reducing the need for transporting males, conflicts during courtship, and inbreeding. Chapter 3 details formulas for maintaining sperm freshness and a medium for its survival for over 30 days. Subsequently, sperm cryopreservation in several species of rays and sharks is described using cryoprotectants. Chapter 4 addresses challenges in handling elasmobranch sperm due to its helical morphology and the formation of aggregates called spermatozeugma. The importance of viscosity in assisted reproduction techniques is emphasized. In the Discussion, the effectiveness of the methods is compared, and new opportunities are explored by having access to various species. This includes detailed descriptions with image analysis, viscosity assessment, and aggregate preservation, as well as the consideration of artificial inseminations.