Factores determinantes en la intencionalidad de emprendimiento de mujeres universitarias

Resumen

1. Introducción o motivación de la tesis: Es conocido en el área de economía que los emprendimientos son una fuente generadora de desarrollo y progreso para los países, ayudan a disminuir las tasas de desempleo mejorando la calidad de vida de las personas y promueven la innovación al identificar necesidades únicas del mercado para satisfacerlas con sus bienes o servicios. Al analizar los liderazgos de los emprendimientos es notorio encontrar que existe una importante brecha en tema de género, aunque las empresas creadas por mujeres presentan rendimientos tan atractivos como las empresas iniciadas por hombres y no hay diferencias en el positivo impacto social ¿ económico, hay menos mujeres emprendedoras que hombres. Por ello, el objetivo principal de esta investigación es determinar cuáles son esos factores que inciden en la intencionalidad de emprendimiento de las mujeres a través de diversas teorías que permitan explicar la intención y la conducta emprendedora. Entre las teorías adoptadas en este trabajo está la Teoría del Comportamiento Planeado, los rasgos de personalidad, la influencia de la formación superior, además se analizará como una serie de barreras para emprender modelan la intención y la conducta emprendedora. 2.Contenido de la investigación: Para lograrlo, se ha elaborado un instrumento de recolección de datos a partir de la compilación de partes de encuestas utilizadas en otras investigaciones y se lo ha adaptado al contexto cultural de la muestra de estudio, además de lo dividió en secciones con el fin de obtener información demográfica, percepción de la intención emprendedora, percepción de la relación entre los estudios y el emprendimiento, las normas sociales, la motivación, los rasgos de personalidad, el comportamiento emprendedor y las dificultades para emprender. El cuestionario resultante se lo aplicó a una muestra de 1500 hombres y mujeres egresados con formación universitaria y que durante el proceso de estudios hayan tenido materias relacionadas al emprendimiento, la tasa de respuesta de las encuestas fue de 30,5%. Luego de la obtención de las respuestas se procesaron los datos utilizando las siguientes técnicas: análisis descriptivo, análisis comparativo de medias entre grupos, análisis de relación multivariante a través de sistemas de ecuaciones estructurales SEM tanto a datos generales como a datos solo de mujeres para observar sus diferencias 3.Conclusión: Los resultados mostraron que los hombres tienen una mayor intención emprendedora que las mujeres, pero en términos generales esta diferencia es poco significativa. También se encontraron diferencias en la percepción de la formación superior y el emprendimiento, aunque en el análisis descriptivo los hombres obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas, en el análisis de cambios de coeficientes estructurales por género se evidenció que las mujeres tuvieron puntuaciones mayores y significativas que de los hombres, esto puede significar que las mujeres consideran las oportunidades de fortalecimiento de habilidades y destreza para el emprendimiento mediante la formación. En los rasgos de personalidad los hombres poseen niveles más altos de extroversión, las mujeres poseen valores más altos de neuroticismo que puede interpretarse como que son más cautelosas al momento de emprender, en amabilidad, consciencia y apertura a la experiencia no hay diferencias significativas. En cuanto a norma social, las mujeres presentan puntuaciones mayores pero las diferencias no fueron significativas, el mismo resultado se obtuvo con la motivación. Al observar los resultados de dificultades se evidenció que estas modelan de forma negativa la intención hacia la conducta emprendedora, lo que significa que a mayor percepción de las dificultades para emprender se tendrá menor intención y por consiguiente conducta emprendedora, la dificultad que mayor impacto perciben tanto hombres como mujeres es la financiera. 4. Bibliografía: Abbadi, S., Abuaddous, M., & Alwashah, A. (2021). Impact of board gender diversity on the financial performance of the manufacturing and service companies listed on the amman stock exchange. Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.22495/cgobrv5i2p1 Achim, M. V., Borlea, S. N., & Vaidean, V. L. (2021). Culture, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. An Empirical Approach. Entrepreneurship Research Journal, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/erj-2018-0091 Acs, Z. J., Audretsch, D. B., & Lehmann, E. E. (2013). The knowledge spillover theory of entrepreneurship. 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