Factores que afectan al rendimiento en carreras de fondo

  1. Ana Ogueta-Alday 1
  2. Juan García-López 2
  1. 1 Universidad de Deusto. España
  2. 2 Universidad de León. España
Revista:
RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte

ISSN: 1885-3137

Año de publicación: 2016

Volumen: 12

Número: 45

Páginas: 278-308

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.5232/RICYDE2016.04505 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openDialnet editor

Otras publicaciones en: RICYDE. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte

Resumen

Las carreras de fondo (comprendidas entre los 5 km hasta la maratón) han crecido en España tanto en número como en participación. Esto ha suscitado un gran interés en entrenadores y deportistas, que solicitan información y formación sobre los diferentes factores que afectan al rendimiento. Ante esta demanda, el número de investigaciones ha aumentado notablemente. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica ha sido analizar los factores que afectan al rendimiento en carreras de fondo desde sus diferentes perspectivas. Para ello, se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica en 3 bases de datos (Medline, SportDiscus y Google Scholar) y los factores han sido clasificados en 5 grandes grupos, subdivididos a su vez en diferentes apartados: 1- ambientales (aire/viento, temperatura, humedad, altura y pendiente del terreno), 2ligados al entrenamiento (entrenamiento de resistencia, fuerza, en ambientes calurosos y en altura), 3- fisiológicos (VO2 max , umbrales ventilatorios, economía de carrera, edad, género, tipos de fibras musculares, fatiga y raza), 4- bio-mecánicos (antropometría, leg-stiffness, flexibilidad, patrón de pisada, calzado, ortesis plantares y parámetros espaciotemporales) y 5- psicológicos (estrategias de intervención, dirección de la atención y música). La influencia de algunos de éstos sobre el rendimiento es ampliamente conocida; sin embargo, en el caso de algunos factores psicológicos (dirección de la atención y música) y biomecánicos (patrón de pisada y parámetros espacio-temporales) el número de estudios es escaso o los resultados poco concluyentes. La realización de más estudios, conjuntamente con el avance de las nuevas tecnologías y sistemas de medición, permitirá un mejor conocimiento sobre la temática.

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